Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633

Figure Lengend Snippet: Urolithin A confers a proteomic signature of improved mitochondrial metabolism and mitophagy in human skeletal muscle (A) Venn diagram summarizing pathway enrichment analysis results from proteomics data in vastus lateralis skeletal muscle. Data represent upregulated pathways with an adjusted p value <0.1 in subjects treated with placebo or with UA at 500 and 1,000 mg for 4 months compared with baseline. (B and C) Dot plots showing top enriched pathways (WikiPathways 2019 Human), ranked by protein ratio, in the UA 500- (B) and UA 1,000 mg (C) groups from (A). Dot color and size indicate adjusted p value and protein count, respectively. Significant pathways for the placebo group were filtered out to identify treatment-specific pathways. (D) Western blot analysis of protein lysates from vastus lateralis skeletal-muscle biopsies in subjects treated as above. For each subject, both baseline (Pre) and end-of-the-treatment (Post) samples were run, and membranes were probed for phospho-Parkin, total Parkin, and the mitochondrial proteins ATP5A (belonging to the OXPHOS complex V), UQCRC2 (complex IV), SDHB (complex II), and NDUFB8 (complex I). Tubulin and VDAC were included as markers of total and mitochondrial protein abundance, respectively. Dashed line separates samples from individual subjects. (n = 6 Pre and Post, biologically independent samples). (E) Quantification of phospho-Parkin over Tubulin protein intensity from western blots (WBs) in (D) (n = 6). Two-sided, paired t-test. (F) Quantification of NDUFB8 (left) and SDHB (right) protein intensity, normalized over VDAC from WBs in (D) (n = 6). ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; two-sided, paired t test.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were incubated overnight diluted in blocking buffer: UBE2N (SantaCruz, sc-376470, 1:3000), Tubulin (Proteintech, 10004185, 1:3000), phospho-Parkin S65 (Cell Signaling, #36866, 1:1000), Parkin (Cell Signaling, #4211, 1:1000), OXPHOS Antibody Cocktail (Abcam, ab110413, 1:2000), VDAC (Proteintech, 10866-1-AP, 1:1000).

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were incubated overnight diluted in blocking buffer: UBE2N (SantaCruz, sc-376470, 1:3000), Tubulin (Proteintech, 10004185, 1:3000), phospho-Parkin S65 (Cell Signaling, #36866, 1:1000), Parkin (Cell Signaling, #4211, 1:1000), OXPHOS Antibody Cocktail (Abcam, ab110413, 1:2000), VDAC (Proteintech, 10866-1-AP, 1:1000).

Techniques: Recombinant, RNA Extraction, Software, Protease Inhibitor

Journal: Molecular nutrition & food research

Article Title: Lack of β, β-carotene -9’, 10’-oxygenase 2 leads to hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular oxidative stress in mice

doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600576

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional categorization of proteins differentially expressed in hepatic mitochondria of BCO2 knockout (KO) vs. 129S6 wild type (WT) mice identified by spectrum counting. Values are means, n=3 mice/group with 4 technical replicates/mouse.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against fatty acid synthase (FASN) (catalog # 10624-2-Ap), ATP synthase α subunit 1 (ATP5A1) (catalog # 14676-1-AP), citrate synthase (catalog # 16131-1-AP), hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) (catalog # 19828-1-AP), succinate dehydrogenase α (SDHA) (catalog # , 14865-1-AP), and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) (catalog # 13442-2-AP) were purchased from ProteinTech Group (Chicago, IL, USA); Antibodies against lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) (catalog # sc-20011), catalase (catalog # sc-50508), NNT (catalog # sc-163154), glutathione reductase (GSR) (catalog # sc-133245) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Dallas, TX, USA); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) antibody (catalog # 101710) was purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA); Antibodies against β-actin (catalog # 4967), phosphor-Thr172-AMP-activated protein kinase α (pT172-AMPKα) (catalog # 2535), and AMPKα (catalog # 2603) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) antibody (catalog # PA1780) was purchased from Boster Biosciences (Pleasanton, CA, USA).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Knock-Out, Membrane

Journal: Cancer Reports

Article Title: A novel polyethylene glycol ( PEG )‐drug conjugate of Venetoclax, a Bcl‐2 inhibitor, for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia ( AML )

doi: 10.1002/cnr2.1485

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bax expression levels and cytochrome c concentrations in the cytoplasm or mitochondria following treatment with either free VTX or PEG‐VTX in vitro. MV4‐11 cells were seeded into a T25 flask (2.5 × 10 6 cells/flask) and were exposed to either free VTX or PEG‐VTX (0.01, 0.1, or 1 μM as an API VTX concentration). After 5 h of incubation, the cytoplasm and mitochondria fractions were collected. (A) The expression levels of Bax and β‐Actin in cytoplasm fraction and those of Bax and VDAC1/2 in mitochondria fraction were determined using a Wes system. The lower graphs show the relative signal intensity of Bax corrected by that of β‐Actin for cytoplasm fraction or that corrected by VDAX1/2 for mitochondria fraction. The data represent the mean ± SD ( n = 3, ** p < .01, *** p < .001 vs. control). (B) The concentrations of cytochrome c in these fractions was measured via ELISA, and corrected using these protein concentrations. The data represent a typical result from three independent experiments

Article Snippet: The expression of VDAC1/2, as a loading control for mitochondrial fraction, was detected using an anti‐VDAC1/2 primary antibody (10866‐1‐AP; Proteintech) at a dilution of 1:100.

Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Effect of electroacupuncture on hippocampal protein lactylation in a rat model of vascular dementia

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1629474

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEGG pathway clustering analysis of different comparison groups, the PPI network of differentially lactylated proteins in the pathways of interest, and verification of Vdac3 protein lactylation modifications. (A) Heatmap of lactylation sites for 12 key proteins. Each row represents a differentially modification site; each column represents a sample. Red indicates a high-level modification, blue indicates a low-level modification, and grey indicates sites that cannot be quantified in the corresponding samples. (B) The horizontal axis depicts different comparison groups, whereas the vertical axis indicates the enriched KEGG pathways. The colored blocks represent the functional descriptions of differentially expressed modified proteins enriched in each comparison group. Blue signifies high enrichment significance, whereas blue-white signifies low enrichment significance. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. (C) PPI network of differentially lactylated proteins involved in the 4-VO group and sham group in the five pathways of interest. (D) PPI network in the 4-VO group and 4-VO + EA group. The color of the outer circle indicates the corresponding KEGG pathway of the protein, whereas the shape within the circle denotes the upregulation or downregulation of the modification sites contained within the protein. A diamond shape signifies proteins with upregulated modification sites, a downward arrow indicates proteins with downregulated modification sites, and a circle signifies proteins with upregulated and downregulated modification sites. The red box indicates the Vdac3 protein. (E) The IP experiment verified the lactylation modification level of Vdac3. (F) Quantification was performed using ImageJ software, and the values are expressed as the mean with the corresponding standard error from three replicate experiments ( n = 3, compared with the sham group, ## p < 0.01; compared with the 4-VO group, ** p < 0.01). 4-VO, four-vessel occlusion; EA, electroacupuncture; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PPI, protein–protein interaction; IP, immunoprecipitation; Vdac3, mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel protein3.

Article Snippet: One milliliter of total protein extract was pre-cleared with 40 μL of protein A/G agarose beads by rotation at 4 °C for 1 h. Subsequently, the supernatant was incubated with 5 μL of Vdac3 antibody (A04802-2, BosterBio, China) overnight at 4 °C with rotation.

Techniques: Comparison, Modification, Functional Assay, Software, Immunoprecipitation

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Effect of electroacupuncture on hippocampal protein lactylation in a rat model of vascular dementia

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1629474

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of lactylation site motifs in different groups and representative mass spectra of key proteins. (A) A heatmap of amino acids adjacent to lysine lactylation sites, with a green/red scale (−5 to 5) indicating the frequency of amino acid detection; red indicates high frequency; green indicates low frequency. The height ratio of amino acid abbreviation letters at specific positions reflects motif characteristics, with a % difference greater than 0 indicating a higher frequency of that amino acid at that position compared to the background, and less than 0 indicating a lower frequency. (B) Four conserved motif sites of lysine. (C) Sequence motif map of lactylation modification, 10 amino acids upstream and downstream of the modification site were selected, and the vertical axis indicates the difference between the proportion of the various amino acids at the same site in the experimental data set and the reference background, that is, percentage difference (%difference). The height ratio of amino acid abbreviation letters at specific positions represents the motif characteristics, and a %difference greater than 0 indicates that the frequency of the amino acid at this position is higher than the background. Values lower than 0 indicate that the frequency of the amino acid at this position is lower than the background. (D–F) The lactylation site of Vdac3 was identified by mass spectrometry. PPI, protein–protein interaction; 4-VO, four-vessel occlusion; EA, electroacupuncture.

Article Snippet: One milliliter of total protein extract was pre-cleared with 40 μL of protein A/G agarose beads by rotation at 4 °C for 1 h. Subsequently, the supernatant was incubated with 5 μL of Vdac3 antibody (A04802-2, BosterBio, China) overnight at 4 °C with rotation.

Techniques: Sequencing, Modification, Mass Spectrometry